Personality Features of the Entrepreneur

Character Features of the Entrepreneur Capacity to set high close to home yet reachable points The worry of individual achievement, as opposed to compensation of progress Information and experience-According to Schultz (1975) states that business visionary ability isn't just intrinsic, yet may likewise improve by understanding and training. Business visionary information is the significant component for any organization execution. Brã ¼derl et al (1992) states that the more significant level of Entrepreneur training acquire inspiration the efficiency, which consequently prompts increment the organization benefit. Subsequently higher profitability assists with expanding proficiency and preparing of the board and on in any case will in general pull in the clients and taking an interest beneficially with providers and Investors. Hambrick and Mason(1984) additionally reasons that organization achievement is absolutely reliant on the business person Knowledge. Information for the most part relies upon the instruction and the past experience (Barker III and Mueller 2002; Hadjimanolis 2000).By achieving great information, business person grows new creative thoughts and attempt to make them genuine. Then again Hisrich Peter (1995); Mcgrath MacMillan (2000) contends that there is discernment that training experience do make commitment to the capacity of Entrepreneurship, anyway these encounters may not in every case only happen through proper instruction The earth of the diverse culture can deliver contrast in demeanor (Baskerville 2003) just as contrasts in the conduct of pioneering (North 1990; Shane 1994) culture information is another viewpoint which can be comprehended by business person. As indicated by Zhao (2010), the social mindfulness could be characterized as the comprehension of a people groups verifiable and social foundations just as their way to deal with life and their methods of living and thinking. Subsequently, as Rogers and Steinfatt (1999) contend, culture has extremely amazing impacts on singular conduct including enterprising conduct. Vernon et aI (1997) clarified that culture is a noteworthy in any conversation of Entrepreneurship since it decides the mentality of people towards the beginning of Entrepreneurship. Earlier hand experience is viewed as valuable for any business visionary and can be required to have a more noteworthy capacity to oppose ominous stuns and to perform restorative activities in another endeavor. As indicated by Davidsson and Honig (2003) Starr and Bygrave (1992) clarifies that the past experience assists with prompting an execute aptitudes that fundamentally impacts ensuing endeavors to set up and develop new pursuits. Likewise Shane(2000) Ucbasaran et al. (2003) presumes that the people who take part in the numerous fires up called ongoing business visionary, who builds up an innovative methodology and critical thinking capacity which consequently assists with expanding their ability to perceive and use further chance. Affinity to face Challenge Risk disposition impact the whole life pattern of Entrepreneur. As per Cramer et al (2002) caliendo et al (2009), there is sure linkage between Risk disposition and the choice to turn into an Entrepreneur. Business visionaries will in general be all the more freely disapproved, prepared to face challenges and acknowledge the punishment if things go wrong.Casson (1982) infers that hazard taking capacity and imaginativeness are the individual attributes and increasingly over they have all the information on dealing with business. In this way, individuals with more experience, higher capacities or more noteworthy information in the field of potential independent work will in general see the dangers associated with specific choices as lower ( Gifford 2003).Caird(1988) additionally concurred with Casson and presumes that fruitful business people have capacities and information to detect business dangers and gainfulness and attempt to exact blunders to improve bu siness execution and possibilities. Then again Grable and Lytton (1998) additionally guarantee that the instructive degree of business visionaries is the most significant variable in recognizing hazard taking force in organizations. Mental hypothesis has called attention to that the people chance demeanor is just one of various individual factors perhaps impacting the choice to turn into a business person ( Rauch and Frese 2000). Individual hazard disposition is one of the key variable In the decision between a salaried activity and business. As indicated by Chell et al. (1991), there ought to be a backwards U-molded connection between chance perspectives and pioneering endurance, where generally safe mentalities describe more hazard opposed and high hazard perspectives demonstrate less hazard loath people. Late examination by Baron (2004) and Kâ ¨ollinger et al (2007) gives further clarifications to why especially hazard looking for business people may choose to begin an undertaking, regardless of whether low or even contrary results may emerge with moderately high likelihood. Initiative As indicated by Graen and Scandura(1987) Leadership is extensively seen as an intuitive procedure, subordinate upon the two chiefs and adherents . furthermore, a business visionary is frequently portrayed as a pioneer who must characterize a dream of what is conceivable and draw in individuals to come together for that vision and change it into the real world (Kao, 1989). Subsequently, it is contended that there is interconnection among business enterprise and authority (Jensen and Luthans, 2006) and to be fruitful business people must have administration aptitudes (Colbert, 2003).A pioneer must be Entrepreneur aswell.It has been composed that Entrepreneurial initiative arrangements with ideas and ideas,which are identified with issues that are not of an authoritative nature ( EL-Namaki 1992). Hinterhuber and Krauthammer (1998) declare that in todays fierce condition, which requests constant advancement as well as radical upgrades in all partners fulfillment, authority is more basic than any time in recent memory for business people. Creator agin states that administration stands onthree columns: (1) Envisioning (2) Being a model and (3) Increasing the estimation of the firm Avolio et al (2004) gave a hypothesis driven Framework to Studying Entrepreneur as a pioneer, with the emphasis on experience, self administrative procedure, and pioneer conduct The above hypothesis investigates that how a business visionary administration can decidedly connected to the association responsibility, fulfillment of the activity, joy to his/her representatives. Rhoades et al(2001) add on that when representatives are treated in a reasonable and caring way, they become increasingly dedicated towards the association ,and bound to have inspirational disposition. Certainty Confidence is the way to progress for any person. Not many Entrepreneur need to have significant abilities, out of which certainty is indispensable. Certainty causes business person to change over a thought into Business achievement. As indicated by Wilson et al., (2007) self-assurance depends on the capacities and view of the aptitudes as opposed to target capacity. Be that as it may, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) found that there is distinction between the degree of fearlessness capacity to have confidence in a business people non-business visionaries. Minniti et al., 2004) likewise bolsters the possibility of GEM that there is contrast between the degree of trust in an Entrepreneur. Boyd and Vozikiss hypothesis of purposefulness causes us comprehend the job of certainty here as well. They contend that self-viability emphatically impacts expectation, yet that it likewise impacts the change of goal energetically (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994).While numerous business visio naries may have a reasonable goal to begin a business, not all do, and something which predicts enterprising activity (for example dispatch) is self-adequacy. High certainty advances a thumbs up soul that can prompt accomplishment in the midst of such vulnerability (Bazerman,1998) Then again Forbes (2005) states that the Entrepreneur who discovered their own business are more careless than the individuals who dint. As indicated by Griffin and Varey, (1996) ,arrogant is treated as circumstance explicit. He implies that the person who is careless in one assignment probably won't be in second one. Significance and Mitchell (1992) Social psychological hypothesis discloses to us that self-viability, an evaluation of ones certainty, is circumstance explicit and actualized to the specific undertakings instead of a general condition. The genuine influence to pull in cash originates from our own independence, assurance, and will; not from any reliance on anothers help and backing. The ability to pull in cash originates from the mental perspective that I am a definitive determinant of my destiny. One reason for Americas establishing and persistent achievement was that her kin were committed to independence. Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur: And Economic Theory. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Caird, S. (1988). A Review of Methods of Measuring Enterprising Attributes. Durham: Durham University Business School. Davidsson, P. (1989). Proceeded with Entrepreneurship and Small Firm Business. Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics Bellu, R.R. (1988). Business people and chiefs: would they say they are extraordinary? In Reynolds, P.D., Birley, S., Butler, J.E., Bygrave, W.D., Fledgling, B. (1992). The activity of expectations intime : the rise of new pursuit. Enterprise Theory and Practice, 17 (1), 11-20 Brockhaus, R H. (1982). The brain science of the business person, hello Kent, C. A., Sexton, D. also, Vesper. K. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 39-56). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. McClelland, D.C. (1961), The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Norstrand Co Opportunity-According to Shane et al (2000) The significant undertaking of business person is to discover and use oppurtunities Hazard taking Capability-as indicated by REFERENCES FOR BIT 1 Baskerville, R.F. 2003. Hofstede Never Studied Culture. Bookkeeping, Organizations and Society 28(1):1-14 North, D.C. 1990. Establishments, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Norton. Shane, S. 1994. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice among Licensing and Direct Foreign Venture. Key Management Jour

Training and Development evaluation in Human Resource Management Essay

Preparing and Development assessment in Human Resource Management - Essay Example 2-3; Dransfield, 2000, p. 4-5). In HRM, preparing and advancement is intended to help the presentation of the workforce. The representatives are gotten through a learning procedure that would help them to get significant information, help them to improve their aptitudes, rules, and ideas, by changing their mentality and their conduct to work in the association. It is likewise called human asset advancement, learning and improvement or preparing and advancement (Rao, 2009, p. 8-11; Talwar, 2006, p. 1-3). In Human Resource the executives there are different various perspectives, however this investigation targets assessing just preparing and improvement capacity of HRM and its noteworthiness in the association. The intention is basically to examine the size of preparing and advancement and the different speculations which various creators have expressed to clarify them. This will help with catching diverse perspective in regards to preparing and improvement in the association. The exam ination would likewise incorporate the various sorts of preparing techniques which associations for the most part use to mentor their representatives. This would help with understanding the genuine use of the speculations expressed by the creators. Preparing helps with improving the information and readies the workers for new up and coming difficulties. It is imperative to prepare the representatives to contend in the worldwide difficulties. As indicated by Hamblin (1974), the assessment procedure of preparing and advancement is a push to pick up data on the preparation procedure and the consequences of preparing on the workers. This is done to evaluate the worth that the preparation procedure has created for the business just as for the workers. Wexley and Baldwin (1986) depicted that the preparation assessment process is an arrangement of social occasion and contemplating the data in order to comprehend the approaches to use the HR in the most ideal way and accomplish the mission, vision and destinations of the association. Already the preparation and improvement forms were censured in view of the absence of appropriate assessment process (Mathison, 2004, p. 221). The yearly fixed targets were set for preparing and it was conveyed as needs be, yet none of them tried to assess the outcomes. So neither the beneficial outcome of preparing was uncovered nor was the negative perspectives investigated and changed. No input framework was there to take the assessment of the student workers, so improvement in the preparation procedure was unrealistic (Saks and Haccoun, 2011, p. 15-17). At the point when the members choose and plan the preparation and improvement programs, it ends up being a triumph since they recognize what they have to realize and what they definitely think about. So concentrating as needs be on those territories in the preparation plan is significant. This is on the grounds that preparation is vital for accomplishment and expanding profitability (C ornelius, 2001, p. 82-84). Preparing assessment is an orderly procedure of breaking down and gathering the data in regards to the projects in preparing. This is used by the human asset and preparing supervisors to plan and take choice with respect to the adequacy, pertinence and the effect of the different parts of preparing (Raab, Swanson, Wentling, and Dark, 1991). Since the organizations these days are making enormous ventures for advancement and preparing, so preparing is not any more an insignificant issue in association. For the workers in the association,

Part C Analysis Of The

Part B Survey Of The IT Employment Market / Part C Analysis Of The Part B : Survey Of The IT Employment Market / Part C : Analysis Of The IT Employment Maket â€" Assignment Example > Job requirementsPlaying a central role in the integration support and specialized application for both the organization and the clientsDealing with many clients and using a number of applications, effectively providing support. Very good logistic background is required for this position. The best candidate to fill this post should have efficient reaction and high problem solving skills and knowledge of SAP. Duties and ResponsibilitiesRoutine support and offering solutions to the application problemsMinimize and manage all problems and issues of all applications to reduce operational downtimeEnsuring the smooth operations of windows environmental applications through proper system administrationAccurately dealing with the requests and efficiently supporting the system infrastructure. Relevant kills requiredRelevant 2 years experience in application Support environment and system integration. Experience and knowledge in Windows environment and SQL Server 2000/2005 environmentKnowled ge in Products and Applications in Data processing using SAP, Incident resolution and Problem Management Exemplary good skills in written and verbal communicationJob Title: C++ Developer (ItJobs. com. au. 2010)Job Ref No. JG6262Salary $70,000 - $100,000 Work Type: Full TimeLocation: Sydney Metro, NSWDate Posted: Thu19/08/2010Application Close: Not SpecifiedRelevant kills requiredExperience of 5 years and or above in C++High professionalism in object oriented software development Experience in provision of complex technical results and solutions   High level understanding of project experienceReal time applications and Exposure to low latencyJob Title Applications Consultant, Axapta Consultant, Microsoft Consultant (Careersandjobsuk. com. 2010)Job Ref No. : 6278Salary £50000 - £70000 per annum + Car allowance and excellent benefits Work Type: PermanentLocation: South eastDate Posted: 04/08/2010        Application Close: Not SpecifiedAd Placed By: careers and jobs UKOrganization/ Company name: Microsoft Job requirementsSignificant experience in ERP coupled with excellent understanding of the dynamics of Microsoft AX solutions, that that can be practiced to output tangible business benefits. The eligible candidate must possess good experience in promoting and developing a roadmap for organizational change with respect to systems deployment. The selected should assist in sales with project analysis, estimating the scope of work creation, presentation and proposal development. They should work hand in hand with clients and other team members in the project planning and implementation of Dynamics solutions. They should be responsible for the translating business needs on the awarded project into dynamically integrated and third party software and hardware solutions. This person should perform administrative and operational functions with respect to the project awarded. Experience Qualifications Skills and ExperienceAt least experience of 5 years in AX impleme ntation covering complete project life cycles in many sectors and experienced in key AX modules. Consulting skills including project leading, business consulting, , project definition, planning skills, proposal writing, estimating for engagementsRequirement gathering skills, running process workshops and business analysis Hands-on experience in, configuring, designing and customizing Dynamics AX to the latest version, Net, Web services, Microsoft Dynamics and XML Implemented AX or other ERP solutions within international Enterprise scale clientsBe a teams player with other developers offshore teams inclusiveIT Systems Trainer (Reed Scientific, 2010)Employer-Reed ScientificPosted-19 August 2010Reference-in trainer IT systemsCompany: Reed ScientificLocation-LondonJob Role-OtherSector- Education and Training

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder - 1656 Words

In the words of Albert Einstein, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid†. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common well- known behavioral disorders, that is defined by the DSM as having a â€Å"persistent pattern of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, for at least six months and it is so severe that it interferers with your development†. As of 2013, it affects 11 percent of children between the ages of 4-17 and is more prevalent in boys than in girls. (http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/688.html) ADHD with aggression is very common as well. The aggression aspect can be shown through ADHD being in combination†¦show more content†¦Under the subcategory of CBT, Behavioral Therapy, stands alone its own league of being a positive treatment for ADHD children both with aggression and without aggression. Behavioral Therapies help c hange potentially destructive behaviors.(http://www.healthline.com) It benefits ADHD children by giving them the proper coping skills they need to overcome or better deal with the things in their lives that seen to be out of control. (citation here) In regards to medications for ADHD children and the negative side effects that are associated with them, they tend to worsen as the dosage of medication is increased. Current research is being done on alternative treatments that can be effective in the reduction of ADHD symptoms and in areas of aggression, when present in ADHD children. The research being done on this topic is important for the field of Psychology because it has the ability to close the gaps that past research left open and promote awareness to the disorder. The question that will be addressed in my literature review is if Behavioral Therapies are an effective alternative treatment for ADHD children, with self-control issues, to help lower aggressive symptoms. This lit erature review will show evidence that backs up the assumption that Behavior Therapy is a good alternate treatment for ADHD children, will review some of the limitations behind this assumption and provide information about the direction that future

The Constitution Of The United States - 903 Words

The words spoken by man have the power to shape and ratify everything in its path. We as a nation must procure a stance that will enforce and implement the necessary laws by any means possible. This can only be obtained if all parties are on one accord with an understanding that the rights of the people and their protection are our governments’ concern. The strong structure of a government can only promote strong commercial growth and prosperity. For the Americans, forming a new nation with its own values and beliefs was a very daunting task. It was supremely difficult when the members of the nation were holding on to the beliefs of the old ruling country. In 1787 the Constitution of the United States of America was created. Though it may appear to be not difficult to clarify the development of the US constitution, the procedure through which its shaping was fulfilled is a long way from simple to clarify. Prior to the Constitution, the Articles of Confederation governed the s tates, yet immediately nullified in light of the fact that they were excessively powerless. â€Å"The ratification of the national constitution was the founders’ political response to excessive democracy† unleashed by the American Revolution. Several framers of the United States Constitution benefited from their knowledge of the states’ experience and tried to create a better constitutional system, where the US constitution and state constitution complements each other (Shivakumar, 146). The proposedShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. 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The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. 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Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. 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Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views Free Essays

I. Problema â€Å"Shawshank Redemption† Brief Summary: Andy Dufresne a young and successful banker is sent to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. When he first arrives in prison he is very isolated and lonely. We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views or any similar topic only for you Order Now With time he realizes there is something deep within every man, that no other can touch, that will help him get through this phase in his life. This element is Hope. Andy becomes friends with prison ‘fixer’ Red  and becomes influential within the prison, with both guards and inmates. Andy epitomizes why it is crucial to have dreams. His spirit and determination, leads him to plan one of the most elaborate prison breaks in Shawshank and filled with courage and desire he completes his daring escape. Political Issues The 2 biggest political issues we see in this movie is the relationship between the guards and the prisoners, and the warden stand on Andy’s meaning to him. The only way to have an easier sentence and have good relationships with the guards is the use of buying them and having them be quiet and silent or noisy and violent when necessary. This is seeing in the movie when guards walk by and ignore acts of rape or violence, or when they act upon their own instincts to punish or abuse another prisoner, to make a statement. This helps create a reputation among not only the guards; but the prisoners. With some of them, knowing how to use the guards to their benefit and that allows them to create factions for other motives. The relationship Andy established with Red (Morgan Freeman) can also be viewed as a political movement towards neutrality, and avoid being casted in a specific prison group, faction or movement. The way the Warden treats Andy during the whole movie is a use of extreme political power. Authority based on state powers which is used for individual benefits and be subdued when necessary. Using Andy when needed and punishing him when he gets out of line. Creating the relationship of power and authority. Symbolic Issues It’s hard to pinpoint what the administrative characters symbolize, since most of them play to their roles exactly to what we expect from them. The warden for example plays a rough, violent, political figure which is seeing by the way he runs the prison. The guards are the typical peons in a chess game, where they don’t ask why things happen, they just obey their orders. Personally I believe that 4 characters make up the individual in the movie. We might see ourselves in any of these characters. Red (Morgan Freeman) The Best Friend. The man who knows the ins and out of the prison. It’s been there for a long time and has created a neutral or conformist position on the issues that arise. Viewed as the person nobody can hate; because of his easy going attitude and willingness to help the ones that seek him. Brooks Hatlen (James Whitmore) The grandfather of the group. Silent but participate, his opinion holds good power because he has become institutionalized by the prison, by age. When let free from prison, we can’t deal with the outside burdens and feels disconnected from the present world. He kills himself and we see him as retired old man, without family of friends, with no motive to live. A depressed old man. Andy Dufrasne (Tim Robbins) The hero of the movie. Manages to be likeable; but strong enough to convey a stand against abusive authority. Playing your cards in a well thought out game to reach the conclusion you need. Andy not only escapes from prison; but also shines the light on the corrupt system the prison was having. Tommy Williams (Gil Bellows) The loose gun. That person we see on our lives that we can’t get through to. Could be a son, a brother or a close friend. Even though we know the bad things, we believe there is still hope to save him and have him change. When he is murdered in the movie, we think to our selves, It was too late for him. He already dug up his tomb. There’s always someone in our lives that we wish we could save. ——————————————————————— II. Some Unconscious Aspects of Organizations Help create a Psychological Frame from this Article From reading the lecture, I won’t bother in recreating each aspect of the stories. Instead I will try to create and explain the postulates, that I believe, make up the psychological frame. Also I’ll link personal examples to the postulates. 1. Organizations are always linked to the person who creates them From hiring the first employees and creating the standards of supervision. Companies will always remember the person who created them. Some companies create Principles or Values, to linger the essence of the first â€Å"settler†. a. Personal example: The Company Mars Inc. known mostly for Chocolate and PetCare food, has been always a private, family owned company. As soon as new employees are hired, they are treated as â€Å"associates† and taught the 5 family principles, to longer stretch the Mars Philosophy of work. 2. Human Aspect will be translated from founder to organization Any aspect or specific personality the founder has, will be shown on either company view or work style. Not only Unconscious Aspects talks about this translation happening; but also Perfection or Bust, talks about an Obsessive Compulsive Company. b. Personal Example: An accounting company founded by a man that likes to commit to a lot of contracts, without evaluating the resources on hand. A compulsive man that reacts before analyzing and then becomes harsh upon reviewing results. 3. Change in governing factors are related to change in employees, and might be temporary Even though must companies maintain a certain style of work and certain way to act upon the public eye; these aspects might change or evolve with time. Most companies are viewed by the people who employ the company at that moment. That’s why opinions may vary from time to time, depending on who holds management. c. Personal Example: PG has been viewed as a conservative company, by others in the industry. A public company, result oriented in which whoever works there, must be extremely efficient and intelligent to achieve a position. Other General Manager have tried to create a more liberal and laid back style of work; but have been put out by upper management; but during those times, the companies style and opinion was different. . Development of employees is more of an indoctrination The training of the job, will come tied to the ideology of the company. Created by the founder of the company. This way, the work style and culture is propagated by the same employees and on hand-training. d. Personal Example: Both PG and Mars Inc. , create online assessment, where the company’s history and culture is explained in detail. Helping the employee or associate get acquainted with the company’s culture. How to cite Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views, Essay examples

One Art Bishop Essay Example For Students

One Art Bishop Essay Every person loses sometimes. In Elizabeth Bishops poem One Art, Bishop displays her accepting attitude to losing. Using verse form and language, Bishop is able to express her different feelings about losing. Because of her experiences with loss, the poet is able to express her attitude towards loss. Throughout the poem, verse form plays an important role in Elizabeth Bishops description of losing. Every tercet from lines 1 to 15 helps to describe that the speaker something everyday. Through the repetition of master and disaster in the first five tercets, Bishop creates a tolerant mood. Following the verse form of a villanelle, the poet abruptly changes the mood in the last quatrain. Instead of letting her accepting mood prevail through the entire poem, Bishop changes her tone into one of agony. By contrasting what does and does not bring disaster, the speaker shows that losing isnt hard to master. This refrain is seen in every other stanza and serves as a reminder that losing is easy. While Bishop comments on the fact that it is easy to lose, she explains situations that would not bring a disaster. Only in the last stanza does the poet finally admit to the fact that there are things that may look like disaster. Through verse form, the writer is able to expound on her compliant attitude towards losing. Not only does verse form contribute to the description of Elizabeth Bishops feelings towards losing, but language also has a role in elaborating on her feelings. Through the entire poem, words such as lose, lost, and miss help to show the accepting attitude the poet feels about losing. The speaker loses small items such as door keys all the way to large items such as a continent all of which do not cause damage. In the last stanza, Bishops mood changes when she loses a friend and realizes that even though losing happens all the time, sometimes it can cause harm. In the last stanza the poet also uses a parenthetical exclamatory sentence to show her distress over her lost friend. By saying write it, the writer urges herself to write what is painful for her to say. Using language to expound on her increasingly distraught feelings, Bishop is able to show her attitude towards loss. During most of the poem, Bishop creates a mood that is carefree about loss. Only when she loses her friend does the speaker realize that loss can cause disaster. Elizabeth Bishops tone throughout the poem expresses her changing attitude towards loss.

Beloved Adenuga Essays (849 words) - Pan-Africanism, Free Essays

Beloved Adenuga Essays (849 words) - Pan-Africanism, Free Essays Beloved Adenuga Dr. Greg Carr AFRO 005 sec 02 14 September,2017 How do we Undertake the Study of African Experience? ABSTRACT: We undertake the study of the African experience by studying the history of African people and by evaluating time periods to make sense of the African experience. We should know the origin of our people and understand what they knew so we can explain what is happening today. We also should understand the dismemberment of Africa and how that affected African peoples' cultural identity. CRITICAL REVIEW OF SCHOLARSHIP: I could answer framing question by pulling out points from Ngugi WA Thiong'o Something Torn and New and Gregg E. Carr's Towards an Intellectual History of Africana Studies: Genealogy and Normative Theory. Something Torn and New helped me understand the need to preserve our identity as Africans and not allow the Europeans to take away our cultural heritage and identity. Something Torn and New is a very thought-provoking book as it discusses in-depth the quest for African renaissance(rebirth). From the book Towards an Intellectual History of Africana Studies: Genealogy and Normative Theory, I understood how African people maintained their "self" throughout history despite the hardship that they been through. The book also made it clear that Africans will still face more hardship but it's only through unity that they will be able to win the fight against racism. Both books were very helpful in answering the framing question. Something torn and new made use of native stories to explain African experiences. Towards an Intellectual History of African Studies gave three major macro-episodic challenges face by Africans over the course of their encounter with the West which were helpful; however, I had difficulty understanding some concepts discussed in this book. DISCUSSION: We study African experiences because it applies to and affects everybody. To undertake the study of African experiences one must understand the dismemberment of African people from their origin and culture. From Something Torn and New, "The dismemberment of Africa occurred in two stages. During the first of these, the African personhood was divided into two halves: the continent and its diaspora." Dismemberment began in the colonial eras because of the need of slaves to work on land stolen from the native Americans and the Caribbean. Africans were colonized and taken away from their continent to work as slaves. Africans were also stripped off their memory. According to Dr. Carr "when someone's memory is cut off the notion of who they are is going to be informed by other people". The name of an object has everything to do with how it is identified, classified, and remembered. The memory of Africans was cut off by the oppressors by changing the names of Africans therefore c hanging their identities. African art works were stolen and taken to be stored in British museums; this is also to deprive Africans of their memory. Time and space also helps to understand the study of African experiences. The challenge of time and space is miseducation. For example, the challenge of time and space erased the genealogy of Phillis Wheatley as a Muslim. Her name was changed from Fatima to Phillis, after the name of the boat that brought her, and Wheatley after the name of her master. Her first two languages were Wolof and Arabic but she was made to learn new languages like English, Latin, Greek. From Something torn and New, "Africans, in the diaspora and on the continent, were soon to be the recipients of this linguistic logic of conquest, with two results: linguicide in the case of the diaspora and linguistic famine, or linguifam, on the continent". The forcing of Africans to learn and communicate in different languages other than their cultural language is Linguicide. But a situation where the older ones do not teach the younger ones the language of their origin, it is referred to as Linguifam. The challenge of time and space also creates blackness as the primary maker for power relationship. "African deep thought must now speak for itself. Rather than set up interview schedule containing the great issue of European Philosophical enquiry, African champions must break the chain that links African idea to European ideas and listen to the voice of the ancestors without European interpreters".

Collaborating with Families and Community Members

Collaborating with Families and Community Members Introduction School partnerships involving community and other stakeholders are an essential approach of addressing the diverse needs of the school community. Effective school administrators and principals collaborate with community members, families, and the business community to mobilize community resources in order to meet the diverse community needs and interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Collaborating with Families and Community Members specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More School principals should aim at establishing relationships or networks within and outside the school. Often, family conditions influence student learning in school settings. Thus, the principal should identify the resources; that is, families, community members, and business, which can support learning in the school. An optimal approach of promoting school-community collaboration involves blending the school resources with the local communi ty and family resources. The collaborations encompass various community agencies and organizations including community-based organizations, civic and religious groups, libraries and local parks, businesses, individuals and post-secondary institutions within the community (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 123). The intent is to establish strong school-community and family connections for learning, recreation, support, and enrichment. Additionally, communication of the school’s core priorities and vision for the community fosters a positive school image. This facilitates collaborations with the various community agencies and organizations. Establishing long-term connections requires an integrated approach that addresses the barriers to learning and links services, enrichment and recreation activities in schools. It requires system-wide changes that facilitate sharing of learning resources and responsibilities between the school, family and the community stakeholders. School-family-co mmunity collaborations require a mechanism for sharing resources and tasks among the stakeholders. Importance of Family-School-Community collaborations Schools and learning institutions are situated in communities. However, often, there is little connection between schools and families or communities in the neighborhood. Nevertheless, the schools, families and the community, as entities, affect each other in one way or another. Additionally, these entities share common goals regarding socialization and education of the children.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, schools principals, families and communities must work together to promote student learning and address the barriers to effective learning (Bostingl, 2001, p. 72). In particular, issues of safety, crime, child development and learning as well as poverty or economic status of families are interrelated and require concerted efforts involving all stakeholders. Academic performance is enhanced when schools become an integral part of the community. Additionally, the collaborations contribute to staff motivation, reduced discipline problems, and proper utilization of resources. The community entities can also promote socialization, strengthen family-community life, and address social problems through collaborations with schools. The concerns about cases of violence in schools call for connections with communities and families. Violent incidents experienced in schools have more to do with home and community life. For adolescents, the common forms of violence experienced in schools, community neighborhoods or in homes is sexual, social abuse and physical violence (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 128). Often, the youngsters are the recipient of these forms of violence. However, sometimes they can be the perpetrators of harassment through bullying or intimidation. Clearly, violence in schools is a serious problem and a significant barrier to learning, socialization and teaching in schools and homes. As a result, a single-factor approach involving the school alone will not work. Thus, principals should actively seek to collaborate with families and community organizations in developing prevention or intervention strategies (Cunningham, Cordeiro, 2006, p. 145). In addition, partnership with mental health services or community social services organizations and the law enforcement is crucial in preventing violence in schools and promoting a positive school climate for learning. Usually, families provide a direct link between the school and the community especially with regard to education of students with exceptional needs. Interventions that cater for students with unique needs require increased parent participation (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 127). Principals should seek to establish school-community connections that benefit youngsters with exceptional needs and their families. For i nstance, school-community linkages can improve the outcomes of emotionally challenged students and their families. Interventions involving collaborations between the school and community social services can address the needs of this population of students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Collaborating with Families and Community Members specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These include counseling sessions in schools as well as hospital and homecare programs. Establishing a system of care for students with exceptional needs requires multidisciplinary teams to monitor and maintain the care services to achieve the desired outcomes. Importance of School-linked Programs School-community collaborations usually aim to integrate social programs into schools and enhance linkages. Most of these programs such as immunization, substance abuse prevention programs and physical health services usually have links with school sites. A school principal should facilitate student access to health services, foster care and childcare services to enhance specialized assistance to children or case management. In addition, the collaborations with social agencies help in expanding recreation, academic, as well as enrichment programs. In particular, art, youth sports, and music programs can be expanded through linkages with social service organizations. Program for the prevention of juvenile delinquency and youth violence also require collaborations with social service organizations. Partnerships with the business community enhances transitions from school to work, facilitates career development through internships, job placement and mentorship programs involving various professionals within the community. School-linked programs coordinate community and school resources to meet the needs of children and their families. Usually, a wide variety of approaches is used in school-linked services. This reflects the diversity of c ommunity resources and the variability of the needs of students in each community. The programs address the social, health, educational and psychological concerns of the students (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 131). Principals should establish partnerships with school-linked programs in their efforts to prevent teen pregnancy, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency among school going children. In addition, collaboration with these agencies at the state or local level is a powerful approach in addressing the student needs. A variety of arrangements including formal and informal agreements with state or local agencies and community networks can facilitate the delivery of these school-linked services. Additionally, school-linked programs focus on introducing non-academic services to school settings to support the youth and their families.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Specific Stakeholders in School-Community Collaborations School-community linkages can be formal or informal and require a varying degree of systemic change to undertake their roles and achieve the desired purposes. Various school-community arrangements rely on various community resources. The plan for the collaborations will involve brainstorming sessions involving the community members to design the necessary steps. Objectives and strategies will be the next step followed by timeline plan and monitoring and evaluation of the events. The plan will involve mapping of resources and activities of each partnership. In particular, my plan will involve the following stages: identification of the specified areas for cooperation, review of the system status to enhance collaboration, strategies of strengthening the collaborations, and the mechanism for linking the community resources. A multifaceted or comprehensive collaboration allows a large proportion of students and families to acc ess their services. The programs can be community-based or school-linked where various community agencies participate in offering social and non-academic services to students. In general, the collaborations establish intervention systems for promoting healthy growth, preventing social problems and treatment of chronic problems affecting children and their families. The first category of stakeholders is the county bodies and agencies such as the mental health and children’s health departments are significant especially with regard to substance abuse among students (Bostingl, 2001, p. 77). In addition, partnerships with these agencies are indispensable when children with exceptional needs that need case management or specialized care are involved. Public social services, legal probation, the county sheriff, police, and local education office can help deal with cases of violence against children at school or residential settings. Council recreation parks, courts, housing and cou nty libraries can also address the needs of children and those of their families. The second category of stakeholders in school-community partnerships is the mental and physical health groups. These include the hospitals, clinics, guidance and counseling centers, and family support centers. Private community members and groups can also extend help in terms of shelter, dispute resolution, and mediation in family crisis to support the material needs and social needs of the children and their families (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 129). Another category of stakeholders includes the service agencies, charity clubs, and organizations such as clothing and food pantry, the Rotary club and the civil society groups. Youth groups and agencies, such as the boys or girls club and the scouts, form another category of stakeholders in school-community partnerships. Sports and fitness groups such as athletics leagues, gyms, and community-based conservation groups should be involved in non-academic ac tivities, in the school. Faith-based community institutions including the clergy and the congregation subgroups should be involved in interventions that aim at preventing behavior problems and substance abuse among children (Bostingl, 2001, p. 81). Other stakeholders include the career groups and clubs such as Engineers or scientist groups, cultural institutions such as zoos, museums and literary clubs. The media through radio and TV stations can also be instrumental in addressing the pertinent issues affecting learning in schools. Community business unions, family members, and business corporations should also participate in career development of students through internships and job placements. Parents and Stakeholder Partnerships Effective school leaders collaborate with the community members, families, and businesses, to meet the diverse interests and needs of the school community. Partnerships involving schools and local business enterprises, families and community members play a significant role in promoting staff and student outcomes. According to Cunningham and Cordeiro (2006), â€Å"for schools, partnerships entails sharing power between the family and the school leaders† (p. 146). Most often, the forum for sharing power involves the Student Advisory Councils and the Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA). Various strategies can be used to promote parent/family involvement in their children’s learning. The PTA outlines six factors that encourage active participation by the parents or family in student learning. These include increased outreach programs to community resources, involvement of parents in decision-making, regular communication, fostering parenting skills, parent involvement in student learning and through volunteering (Cunningham, Cordeiro, 2006, p. 147). As a principal, I would encourage these six factors in my school. As a member of the PTA, I would mobilize community resources by encouraging active participation of the parents in their student’s academic and extra-curricular learning activities. Evidence from previous research indicates that academic performance; grades, school attendance, completion of assignments and homework and student’s overall performance improves when the family or parents take an active role in student learning (Cunning, Cordeiro, 2006, p. 152). As a principal, I would encourage parent involvement as an on-going mission in my school. I would ensure that the efforts to promote parental involvement in schools are in line with the changing family demographics. Usually, the obstacles to family involvement in schools are often work-related. Kohn outlines five common complaints that parents make over student homework: low student interest in learning, increased burden to students, and lack of time for parents, family disputes, and distracters in residential settings (2006, p. 112). These factors affect parent participation in their children’s learning activities. Often, the requirement for standardized testing exerts much pressure on educators with respect student homework. This affects the quality as the educators emphasize on quantity rather than quality. Educators are forced to cover a large portion of the syllabus prior to the standardized tests, which compromises quality. I believe that parental involvement can promote quality especially with regard to homework. According to Bostingl (2001), McGregor’s X and Y theories of management are applicable in today’s school system (p. 87). With regard to homework, theory Y management attributes are essential in achieving high results. Standardized tests place enormous stress on parents, teachers, and families. In light of this, I would organize a parents-staff meeting, where teachers can enlighten the parents on the requirements of the test and allay their fears or concerns. At the same forum, I would guide the parents on how to participate in their children’s learning espec ially with regard to homework. This dialogue will be essential in addressing the diverse learning needs of the children. Kohn describes three approaches of achieving higher results from homework. Firstly, he suggests that, homework should comprise of any activity, academic or otherwise, that extend student learning. Secondly, household activities such as games, cooking, surfing the internet for information and watching TV shows give the student absolute control over their learning. Lastly, children stories and readings that instill reading and imaginative thinking can also serve as homework (Kohn, 2006, p. 118). As a principal, I believe that these suggestions are vital in encouraging family and parent involvement to ensure successful student learning. In addition, these activities are part of authentic learning that helps students to become successful in life. As a school principal, I would be to involve parents and family members in their student learning in non-academic settings at home. Volunteers constitute a crucial part of the school community. Their roles range from tutoring to student mentoring hence influential in student learning. As a school principal, I would establish a volunteer club, which will recruit active volunteers primarily from the school comprising of school and classroom volunteers from among the staff. Later, volunteers from the community will join the club as well as volunteers from various agencies. I would organize occasional breakfast meetings and entertainment for the volunteer club to foster a spirit of voluntarism in my school. Honors and recognition will also encourage voluntarism to become the culture in my school. This will also encourage more volunteers to join the club year after year. Partnerships with businesses contribute significantly to successful learning in schools. I would facilitate business partnerships where local business leaders engage the students on attributes of their future citizenship. I believe that, by connecting community, family, and school resources, student health and safety can be enhanced. In light of this, I would seek through the school board linkages with agencies such as law enforcement, social support services, and local administrators. School boards play a decisive role in policy and planning for the whole school systems in an area (Cunningham, Cordeiro, 2006, p.124). I would organize a series of meetings involving the school board and the various groups to strengthen the school-community strategies for a healthy and safe learning environment for students. In particular, I would organize presentations involving all stakeholders to allow them to share their views before setting up smaller groups to implement the strategies. In relation to substance abuse and behavior problems, I would involve the law enforcement, the mental health department, the families, religious groups, and community social services. Evaluating the Contributions of Parents and Stakeholders On-going evaluation of the contributions of the parents and stakeholders is crucial in formulating recommendations for resource allocation to the various school-community partnerships (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 134). It provides a foundation for decision-making for subsequent steps. It also informs future development plans and improvements (Cunningham, Cordeiro, 2006, p. 121). I would conduct various surveys whereby I would analyze the activities of the groups against their resource utilization. The surveys would involve the families, the community members, and staff. I would use interviews and questionnaires to establish the level of satisfaction with the partnerships and compare the effectiveness of the practices before and after implementation. The family coordinator will evaluate the parent’s involvement in their children’s learning and provide propositions from the parents on how to improve their involvement. A participatory evaluation process is another useful approach of assessing the contributions of the community stakeholders (Adelman, Taylor, 2006, p. 135). Participatory evaluations take into account the interests, the concerns, and the needs of the partners. The findings can be disseminated within the collaborations and ultimately improve the outcomes of the partnership programs. I would use participatory evaluations to assess the volunteers whereby they will be involved in designing the evaluation criteria for their contributions. My evaluation of the contributions of the parents and stakeholder groups will comprise of three approaches: process evaluation, outcome evaluation and impact evaluation (Cunningham, Cordeiro, 2006, p. 127). With regard to process evaluation, I would survey the nature of the activities that took place over a specified period. The methodologies for process evaluation would include interviews and in-depth surveys of the activities of the collaboration. I would rate the developments of each partner group against the goals and the level of satisfaction of the members, the teaching staff, and students. On the other hand, outcome evaluation primarily seeks to establish the achievements of the collaboration over a specified period (Bostingl, 2001, p. 84). I would conduct surveys of new services, reported behavior changes and the objectives met over the period. This will help assess the progress achieved through the partnerships. Impact evaluation will focus on the effects of the collaboration on the student learners. In this case, I would use statistical indicators to measure the outcomes. For instance, a decline in the rate of substance abuse or teen pregnancy in my school will be an indication that partnerships with law enforcement and community social service have positive impacts. Conclusion The diverse nature of the needs and interests of the school community calls for concerted efforts involving the school, parents, and community stakeholders for successful learning. Collaborations with pare nts and community members are essential attributes of a high performance leader. As a school principal, I would encourage partnerships through school-based and community-based programs and agencies. However, the collaborations have to be evaluated for future improvements. This also ensures efficient utilization of resources in line with the objectives of the collaborations. Reference List Adelman, S., Taylor, L. (2006). The school leader’s guide to student learning  Supports: New directions for addressing barriers to learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Bostingl, J. (2001). Schools of quality. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press. Cunningham, G., Cordeiro, A. (2006). Educational leadership a problem-based Approach. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 121-152 Kohn, A. (2006). The homework myth: Why our kids get too much of a bad  Thing. Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press. pp. 112-118

Cross-cultural barriers in marketing Article critique

Cross-cultural barriers in marketing critique - Article Example marketing I think the most affected part is communication and business leaders need to be prepared to deal with communication in cross cultural marketing (Burnett 1991). The research objectives include finding out what we know on cross-cultural marketing. What are the cultural differences that are barriers to marketing? The article by Simona Popovici is on what we know about cross-cultural marketing. The author focuses on the issues in cross-cultural marketing. He notes that the markets are influenced by cultures and traditions that tend to act as barriers to marketing (Popovici, 2011). The article is valid since the claims that the author has made are reasonable in the theoretical context. When the author claims that different communities have different habits and traditions that form their culture he is right (Pozehl 2014). In the society there is always what guides the people and this is what forms the culture. It is also true that in the business world, the businesses get offers from different communities and thus they have to interact with different cultures. The article stands up to scrutiny because the evidence used shows that the information given is relevant. There is no argument against the findings that the author has discussed (Navarro 2014). The study has been carried out from different cultural borders that have different experiences in marketing. The data that has been used is up to date because the author has used recent works from different researchers who have studied cross-cultural marketing. He has used other well-known researchers to support hi s ideas and findings (Bider 2009). The evidence measures the theoretical concepts that are being analyzed (Bala 2013). The theoretical concepts being analyzed in the article include the barriers that are faced in cross- cultural marketing. The article starts by reviewing the implementation of cross-cultural marketing and analyses the barriers that are faced in implementation (Bollen 2011). The author

Leadership style in Joothor Development Services Essay

Leadership style in Joothor Development Services - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of leadership as the ability of motivating and influencing a team to achieving the set target and goals. It is about creating a vision and converting it to reality. In the business, world leadership is related to performance with effective leadership with effective leaders being those with an ability of adding value to their company. It is a fact that most organizations around the world lose because managers are not adequately skilled and knowledgeable and failing to acknowledge the leadership issues that should form part of their decision-making activities hence the need for this project. Strategic leadership is vital in the organization’s endeavors of accomplishing and sustaining their competitive advantage in this era. Effective leaders are gaining recognition on the important role they play in identifying opportunities and making the right decisions that add value to businesses through effective procedures. In this century, with the rapid change in business, studies and theories are centered on leadership as a whole, the followers and the nature of leadership exhibited in organizations. This has facilitated the need to studying leadership with the focus on managing invariable change which is normally referred to as New Paradigm model. The New Paradigm model focuses on model theories, for instance, charismatic leadership, visionary and transformational leadership. Visionary leadership is described as the act of creating practical and sensible, robust vision for the future of a company.

Nigerian Financial System Overview

Nigerian Financial System Overview The Nigerian financial system is made up of two sub sectors; the formal and the informal sub sectors. The formal sub sector comprises of the regulatory bodies, money market, capital market, foreign exchange markets, insurance companies, brokerage firms, deposit money banks (DMBs), development finance and other financial institutions. As at the end of March 2010, there were 24 deposit money banks(DMBs), 5discount houses(DHs), 941 microfinance banks(MFBs), 107 finance companies(FCs), 101 primary mortgage institutions(PMIs), 13 pension fund administrators(PFAs), 5 pension fund custodians(PFCs), 1 stock exchange, 1 commodity exchange, 1621 bureau-de-change operators(BDCs), 690 securities brokerage firms, 5 development finance institutions(DFIs) and 73 insurance companies. The informal sub sector includes self-help groups, financial cooperatives and credit associations. It is imperative to know that there is a weak relationship between the informal sub sector and the formal sub sector (financial stability report, 2010) Discount House Sub Sector Overview: Discount Houses in Nigeria were first established in 1993. They were licensed to commence operations with just three discount houses as players. Their number later increased to five and their foundation can be linked to Great Britain, which is generally regarded as the origin of discount houses. These institutions evolved to provide a link between the banks and the Bank of England by serving as a channel for the interchange of banks funds as well as providing access to the Bank of England as a lender of last resort (Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, ) and in like manner discount houses in Nigeria are to act as intermediaries between the Central Bank of Nigeria and other licensed banks in Nigeria in Open Market Operations transactions (Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2004). There are five discount houses in Nigeria wholly owned by consortiums of banks and other financial institutions as allowed in the Discount House guidelines 2004 by the Central Bank of Nigeria. However the maximum permissible equity holding for any single investor in a discount house is 40% (Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2004).These Discount Houses are named as follows: Associated Discount House Limited (ADHL), Consolidated Discount Limited (CDL), Express Discount House Limited (EDL), First Securities Discount House Limited (FSDH) and Kakawa Discount House Limited (KDHL).They fall under a common umbrella referred to as Nigerian Discount Market Association. They are presently not listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The Discount House sub sector is highly regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Securities and Exchange Commission of Nigeria requiring of them their daily, weekly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports showing the state of their affairs. Their daily operational activities include the injection and the withdrawal of funds by the Central bank of Nigeria from the money market through them (Ezirim and Enefaa, 2010) of which they must invest 60% of their deposit liabilities in government securities at any point in time (Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2004). By this a balance is maintained in the economy thereby guarding liquidity. Apart from this function, the discount houses also facilitate the issuance and sale of short term Government securities, provide discount/re-discount facilities for treasury bills, government securities and other eligible financial instruments, accept short-term investments on an intermediary basis from banks and wholesale investors and lastly provide short term financial accommodation to banks (Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2004). Services and Financing of the Discount Houses Discount Houses offer a wide range of financial products to Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions and the general public. The main services include: (a) Securities trading which includes buying and selling of: Treasury Bills, Treasury Bonds, Government Bonds, and Commercial Bills; (b) Accepting short-term investments from banks and providing short-term accommodation to banks; (c) Short-term financial intermediation through the acceptance of funds and simultaneous investment of the funds in: Commercial Papers, Bankers Acceptances, Government Securities; (d) Providing personalized wealth management to high net-worth individuals through a network of investment managers, financial consultants and other specialists; (e) Effective portfolio management on both discretionary and non-discretionary basis through the provision of medium to long term investment management services to: Pension funds, Private clients, Employee Schemes, Trustees of family settlements and charities; and (f) Providi ng Business Solutions in: Financial Arrangement and Management, Mergers and Acquisitions, Privatization, Business Assessment, Business Structuring, and Data Resource and Management (Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2004) The Sources of funds for discount houses in Nigeria include: (a) Equity Paid- up Capital and Reserves. (b) Call money and short-term borrowings of not more than three years maturity. (C) Call money placed by banks with discount houses shall form part of the specified liquid assets of the respective banks for the purpose of the liquidity ratio requirement. A discount house that is short of funds may: (i) obtain from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) an overnight advance against acceptable collateral. However such an advance shall not exceed 20 percent of the total assets of the discount house and shall not in any event be granted if the discount house has exceeded the borrowing limit as prescribed by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN); (ii) sell short-term bills and/or other securities to the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) shall provide rediscounting facilities for treasury and other eligible securities; and (iii) enter into Repurchase transactions with the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) using eligible securities(Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2008) The Discount House Sub-Sector Environment: The discount house sector is greatly influenced and controlled by environmental forces; global and domestic. The global economic environment shows that the global economic crisis appeared to have eased off in the latter part of 2009 but general optimism is being replaced with pessimism of a double dip recession, as fears grow that governments and policy makers around the world might be forced (due to pressure or mistakes) to remove monetary and fiscal props, too soon. So even though developed economies are gradually beginning to come out of the general recession, the situation is still delicate (First Securities Discount House, 2009). In emerging market economies, growth has been robust but inflationary pressures are strong and on the rise. The negative impact of the political crises in the oil-producing Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on oil prices and the disruptions and destructions associated with the earthquake and tsunami in Japan have added to uncertainty about the sustainability of global economic recovery and growth%( Central Bank of Nigeria communiquà © No 75, 2011). This has great implications on the discount houses with Nigeria being a developing and emerging economy and the effect of the global crises is strongly felt with a probability of increases in the international interest rate. The domestic economic environment is being characterised by a fluctuating inflation rate which has significant impact on interest and lending rates. It has been a herculean task trying to bring down the inflation rate to a single digit as proposed and rather the rate rose from 11.1% as at March, 2011 to 12.8% in April, 2011(Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, 2011). This inflationary rise still has a tendency to heighten further as a result of the general increase in global and food prices. The operating economic environment is full of challenges as there are array of issues. In March 2011, the Monetary Policy Committee of the Central Bank increased MPR from 6.5% to 7.5% maintaining interest rate corridor of +/-2% around the MPR. By this, the Standing Lending Facility Rate (rate at which CBN lends to Banks and Discount Houses as bank of last resort) became 9.5% and has remained so. On the other hand, the Standing Deposit Rate (rate at which Banks and Discount Houses place excess funds with the Central Bank of Nigeria) remained at 4 %. Also the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was projected to grow by 7.43 per cent in the first quarter of 2011 making the outlook for 2011 to be generally good, given the expected improvement in the oil economy and the growing emphasis on the development of non-oil sector and key infrastructure (Central Bank of Nigeria communiquà © No 75, 2011). Finally on the political scene, the year 2011 being an election year for Nigeria, there are a lot uncertainties associated with the electoral process and the election results and this could affect the discount house sub sector and the Nigerian economy as a whole and it is projected that the effect of these uncertainties will result in higher exchange rate risks with lower reserves and high spending-currency devaluation possible and that Inflation will remain over 10% with implications for demand, input costs and projects(Resource and Trust Company Limited, 2011). Competitiveness In The Discount House Sub- Sector The discount house sub sector is just a small sector in a large financial sector with just a few players who are almost of equal standing; hence, there is strong competition among the services providers which have led to innovation, efficiency and the upgrade of competitive advantage by the players. The provision of specialised personalised services allowable within the scope of the discount house guidelines. Example is the personal pension plan developed by Consolidated Discount Limited which was created as a way of preparing clients to be less vulnerable to loss of earning capacity after retirement (Consolidated Discount Limited, 2009). Also Associated Discount House Limited in conjunction with the Debt Management Office (DMO) of Nigeria organized an awareness seminar on 12 February, 2009 to enkindle the interest of retail investors both local, international and in the diasporas in Federal Government of Nigeria Bonds (Associated Discount House Limited, 2009). Opportunities In The Discount House Sub- Sector Without gainsaying, there are opportunities in Discount Houses businesses (if not many) which gives them an edge over banks and other specialised banks. As earlier inferred, discount houses are allowed to offer certain unique financial services which puts them almost in the same stand as banks and even much more but they cannot be referred to as banks and one of the reasons is because there is minimum paid up capital imposed on the regular banks which amounts to N25,000,000,000.00(Twenty five billion naira) only at any point in time. For the discount houses sub sector, the minimum paid up capital shall be N1,000,000,000.00(One billion naira) only or as may be prescribed by Central Bank of Nigeria from time to time (Revised Guidelines for Discount Houses, 2008). There is a revised Guideline for year 2008 which also relaxes the ownership of Discount Houses to now include non-financial institutions and individuals. This revision provides the opportunity for Discount Houses to grow their capital base to enable them to explore new areas of business and boost their profitability (Kakawa Discount House, 2009). Discount Houses have sizable support from the Central Bank of Nigeria being the lender of last resort facility. Discount Houses are able to offer highly attractive pricing on Treasury Bills and other risk-free government debt instruments because of the significant concessions available to them from the Central Bank of Nigeria Discount Houses are tightly regulated therefore danger signals (if any) are easily detectable. Being specialist institutions, Discount Houses are proactive in managing money market trends to the advantage of their clients. Unlike other deposit taking institutions, the financial assets acquired by Discount Houses are of the finest quality with little or no credit risk (Express Discount House Limited). Threats To The Discount House Sub- Sector Naturally the discount house sub sector is faced with its own threats and challenges as from inception, discount houses operated in an environment that could termed as unusual or abnormal. There was a distress situation in the banking sector which was at its peak and most banks patronized discount houses in order to ensure the safety of their funds, but with the return of orderliness and calm, discount houses patronage by banks reduced. Rather, the interbank and foreign exchange markets seem to have provided more attractive trading options for the banks, to the detriment of the discount houses. Licensing of additional discount houses to make the total number of discount houses 5 proved to be a challenge as it had an adverse effect on the total turnover of the discount house sub sector, following the initial boom from the year of operations of 1993 where total asset stood at N9,600,000,000.00(Nine billion, six hundred million naira) only which dropped significantly to N3,400,000,000.00(Three billion, four hundred million naira) only in 1995 following the entrance of a new entrant into the market. With these happenings, licensing of new discount houses might still impact on the sub-sector further negatively. Their narrow scope of operations has also proven to be a major challenge for the Discount House sub sector being a specialised bank is inhibiting a lot of opportunities for expansion (Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, 2010). Finally, from the inception, discount houses had the exclusive right to conduct Open Market Operations transactions (OMO). Open Market Operations (OMO) is an indirect monetary policy technique that is used to control the level of money supply. It involves the sale/purchases of money market instruments in the open market; these instruments being Nigerian treasury bills (Ezirim and Enefaa, 2010). With the Central Bank of Nigeria opening up the window to banks as well, the discount house sub sector lost the sole right of Open market Operations. Conclusion In spite of all the challenges and threats faced by the Discount House sub sector, the Discount Houses are still are very vital part of Nigeria as an emerging economy and just the existing players in the market are not enough to keep a balanced financial sector and the economy as a whole. In the light of the fact that the Central Bank of Nigeria as the major regulator keeps on revisiting and revising the guidelines of the Discount House sub sector, there is hope yet still for growth, expansion, innovation and maximum output which should encourage new players to participate. Part 2 Strategy Overview Strategy is a plan or blueprint of what an organisation intends to achieve and how to go about it. Artto, Kujala, Dietrich and Martinsuo (2008) define strategy as a firms goal to attain a desired position in its competitive external environment. This is in line with Kenneth Andrew (1987) school of thought that views strategy from the corporate angle where he views corporate strategy as the nature of decisions a company takes which reveals its short and long term goals, how it plans to go about achieving these goals and how its outcome will affect all stakeholders and community at large. There is a popular belief that an organization that fails to plan or strategise, plans to fail and Goold (1996) goes on further to share his own view when he says that matured businesses can easily become staid and resistant to change. Usually this behaviour leads them to a decline and the only way it can regain its position is through strategy or change in strategy. This resolve usually involve the p ursuit, accomplishment, and maintenance of competitive advantage in its industry (Varadarajan and Clark cited in Morgana and Strong, 2003). Whittington (2001:10) summarises it all when he says strategy is all about thinking better and thinking differently and claims that a good strategy means doing something different from every other person. But there are pitfalls to strategy as Mintzberg (1994) puts forward the question; is a climate conducive to strategic planning necessarily one conducive to effective strategic thinking and acting? He claims that there are underlying issues which affects the ability of plans to make head way and emphasizes that these issues are neither technical nor analytical but rather human (Abel and Hammond cited in Mintzberg, 1994). But Smith and Reese (1999) argue that as long as there is a fit or alignment between operational elements and business then there should be no pitfalls where he defines fit as the degree to which operational elements match the business strategy. Alternative Approaches to Strategy: Similarities and Differences There are various approaches to strategy but Whittington (2000) classifies strategy into four approaches: the Classical, Evolutionary, Processualist and Systemic. He further analyses each approach as follows: The classical approach sees strategy as a process of rational deliberation, calculation and analysis, intended to achieve long-term benefit and that good planning is what it takes to master internal and external environments. The Evolutionary approach analyses strategy from the point of view that rational long term planning is often irrelevant and that successful strategies only emerge as the process of natural selection. The Processualist approach sees long term planning as basically pointless, but they are not overly pessimistic about the fate of businesses that do not somehow optimize environmental opportunities as they see inability or failure to think up and carry out the perfect strategic plan is hardly going to deliver any serious competitive disadvantage. Finally the Systemic approach to strategy proposes that the objectives and practices of strategy depend on the particular social system in which strategy- making takes place in other words organizations strategic planning is basically influenced and controlled by the social system in which it operates. Meaning the demographic setting of the organizations environment needs to be taken into consideration when strategizing. In analyzing the similarities and differences of these approaches, their style or processes and their end result is paramount. In comparing the classical and evolutionary approaches to strategy, Whittington (2001:2) posits profit maximization as the natural outcome of strategy-making. This he made in reference from the point of view of their end result which is profit or return on capital. These approaches associate profitability with strategy and believe the higher the level of strategy employed, the higher and better the profit generated. This view is shared by (Friedman and Baumol cited in Vining and Meredith, 2000) where they argue that the only appropriate goal or strategy in any organisation is to maximize profit and that any other goal is considered inappropriate. As much the classical and evolutionary approaches are similar in terms of profit maximization being their goal; they differ in style and processes. The classical approach adopts a style of rational planning (Whittington, 2000:11) whereas the evolutionary approach lacks confidence in rational planning where they argue that no matter the level or intensity of strategy, the outcome is usually driven by market dictates and how well a manager is able to perform and that investing in long term strategies can be counter productive (Whittington, 2000: 19). In this instance, the evolutionary approach can be compared with the Processualist approach to strategy in that they also do not believe in rational planning. This view is shared by Peppard 1995, who argues that in a claim to gaining competitive advantage, management develop strategies with seemingly superiority above others which is just a way of them being seen to be doing something and not necessarily hope to achieve anything by their strategies. By this claim, peppard tries to show that rational planning is just an act which is not necessarily relevant to the overall performance of the organisation but it is something that is done for the corporate image. His view is supported by Cyert and March ( cited in Whittington 2000:22) who argue that firms can plan in such a way that major strategy sessions could be cut off and yet still deliver just enough to keep everyone satisfied. Although the processualist approach is similar to the evolutionary approach in terms of processes and style, that where all their similarity ends because in terms of outcome. The Processualist approach can be compared with the systemic approach of strategy whose school of thought sees not only profit maximization but other outcomes as a an end result of strategy (Whittington 2000: 21 27). Werther Jr and Chandler (2005) argue that firms are continuously appraised in terms of both the financial and social benefits that result from their corporate actions or strategies. The systemic approach proposes that firms differ according to the social and economic systems in which they are embedded (Whittington, 2000:27) thereby viewing strategy as being guided and controlled by the environmental forces in which they operate. In the same spirit, the processualist advice against striving after unattainable ideal of rational fluid action, but to accept and work with the world as it is (Whittington, 2000:21). Finally, the systemic approach can be compared with the classical approach in that they both believe in rational planning and do retain faith in the capacity of organizations to plan forward and to act effectively within their environment'(Whittington 2000:26). This view is shared by Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart, (2010) when they opined that strategy is a high-order choice that has profound implications on competitive outcomesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. and strategy should contain provisions against a range of environmental contingencies, whether they take place or not and Stallwood (1996) maintains that strategy is necessary but insists that whatever strategy is used must be appropriate and simple enough for it to become adopted by an organization without necessarily having to change after its initial usage. Conclusion Strategy can be seen as a means of avoiding [perhaps] costly and damaging warfare (University of Leicester, 2009:90) and it is quite clear that all the approaches of strategy have their own benefits even though they are similar and also dissimilar in their own unique ways. Therefore which ever method adopted should be seen to add to an organizations performance and must be duly analysed and deliberated on ensuring it is in alignment with the organizations goals and objectives before adoption.

The Economics of Illicit Drugs Essay -- Crime and Drugs

In this essay I will define drug abuse and show the economic impact of the sales of illicit drugs. I will introduce an argument for legalization and the impact to the economy. Next I will discuss some of the economic cost from lack of productivity, health care cost and other cost associated with Drug abuse. In order to understand the economic impact of illicit drugs we must first define what a drug is. A drug is defined as any substance other than food that affects the way your mind or body works. Abuse is defined as the wrong use or misuse of something. So drug abuse would be defined as the wrong use of drugs. As a D.A.R.E. officer, this definition has been ingrained into my mind for the past eighteen years. During my twenty years of Law Enforcement I have learned how dangerous drugs are to the economy. They damage your body and drug abuse also has a huge economic impact on the country. In the United States there are two types of drugs legal and illegal. The legal drugs have two subcategories, prescription and over the counter. Prescription drugs are placed into different categories called schedules. The ones that have a highest chance for abuse or addiction have a higher place in the schedule. Schedule I drugs are the drugs that have no safe or accepted medical use in the United States. Examples are heroin, marijuana, LSD, PCP, and crack cocaine. As you go down the schedule the drugs become less addictive and have a small potential for abuse, but are still controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Schedule V are the lowest controlled drugs. Examples are codeine, valium and xanax Non prescription drugs are those that are sold over the counter and you do not need a prescription to purchase. The illegal o... ...0,000,000 on the health care, productivity and other cost, yet in the same time period we only spent $150 Billion on enforcing the drug laws. If we focused on the treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers, I feel a substantial portion of the trillion dollars could be used for other things. The economic benefit could possibly be unmeasurable. Works Cited Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) . (n.d.). Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) . Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/ Moomaw, R. L., Olson, K. W., & Edgmand, M. R. (2007). Crime and Drugs a Modern Delima. Economics and contemporary issues (7th ed., pp. 201-216). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF DRUG. (2001, September 1). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved April 7, 2011, from www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/economic_costs98.pdf

Peace in Multicultural Society

A particular community of people living in a country or region, and having shared customs, laws, and organisations is called a society. In a society, people depend on each other for life. No society can exist without interdependence and this interdependence on each other has turned the world into a global village. Clashes start when there is differences in customs, laws and organisationswithin the same region or a country. Sometimes these differences become so severe that they become the cause of war and terror.Lack of tolerance, accommodation and patience lead a region and country toward devastation. Today there is great angst around the world and all peace-loving organisations, institutions, countries and human beings are unhappy because of increasing hatred and conflicts. Beside these, poverty, unemployment, insecurity and disasters both natural as well man made are the contributing factors to these problems. These all are because of cultural conflicts between human beings. Cultur e, supposed to flourish human life and provide entertainment, has become the cause of hatred by few extremists in society.We can never eliminate hatred, war and conflicts from our society. Human beings were created with war and conflicts as part of their nature but we can reduce these activities through sincere efforts and work on improving our society. For peace, the primary step is tolerance and accommodation and secondary is the exercise of great patience. This way one can ignore those who abuse your culture, religion or customs. All countries are contributing equally to the spread of hate and hatred. No religion on the surface of this Earth preaches hate.However, elements from all faiths are using grossly misinterpreted religious misinformation to spread extremism and terrorism. East is creating terrorists but the West is publishing offensive cartoons of Prophets. If someone in the East is disturbing the peace in this world, one should only punish the guilty not the whole societ y, region or country. The devilish elements should be blamed and punished for their wrong doings not the whole society or a particular culture or religion. Terrorism and torture of human beings are not allowed by any school of thought.Only a few elements in each society spread hate. Behind hate there are many reasons and here some are highlighted. Exercise of unwanted power of powerful countries against weak countries, clash between capitalism and labour, illegal confinement over other resources, supremacy of few nations and ineffectiveness of world organizations like UNO and others. Even well developed and civilized societies are involved in the disturbance of world peace. As a result, man on the one hand is proceeding toward globalization and on the other, he is creating distances between one another.Culture clash is the most dangerous and explosive reason for the destruction of World peace. For long time, we have claimed illiteracy behind the reason for war, terror and all evils in this world but today we have come to know and realise that in fact there is a serious lack of morality not lack of education behind the world's uncertainty. We torture human beings and in turn destroy their inner respect. The repercussions are retaliations, which are far more intense and inhumane.In third world countries like Pakistan there is feudal system operating in certain parts of the country and this system is inherited from the previous generations that cannot be eliminated easily because only these feudal lords can change the system but they would never want their supremacy to be demolished. Revolutions do not occur daily, they only come rarely, and without revolution, change in some societies is never possible. A common person in Third World countries cannot enter politics and only politicians can change the policies.The West needs work force and they want import of men as labour but they are not ready to share capitalism with labour. Trade of goods is liked by every co untry but countries are not ready for the exchange of art and technologies. If terrorist elements existed in Afghanistan what were the sin of all those innocent men, women and children who had been killed in war on terror? No rule and law of humanity allow us to ruin a nation and country because of one devil. There is great lack of justice, tolerance and accommodation around the world.As a result, the life of modest, peace loving and normal common person is disturbed. Peace is needed this time. Each country in this world is facing terrorism and world's approach toward terrorism is not advocated. If any incident takes place in India, it blames Pakistan for this and vice versa. West automatically blames Muslim countries for any terrorism that happens there. These baseless blames on each other not only increase rivalry between nations but also the real culprits take advantage of this situation and escape.Revival on policies over war on terror has become necessary. North and South, West and East are all suffering from these harsh elements and they should all untidily set a new policy to fight against terrorism. The killing of innocent people around the world has become a passion. It requires a very clear division of â€Å"What is private and what is public†. Religion is a private act of man and one must not interfere in any private matters. While public affairs, need to be handled at government level.If someone is bad in our surrounding, we must deal with those devils with an iron fist but within the circle of law. We must stop anyone in a society through dialogue from preaching hatred against any political party or school of thought and make them realise that they are doing wrong and disturbing the peace. This is not an easy job for any individual. Through local, national and international organisations, we can make this possible. In every society, there should be some organizations for the preaching of peace and love.Like in the tribal areas of Pakistan w here young children are brain-washed into becoming terrorist and suicide bombers so why can the government and national and international NGOs not make them civilized human being? What are they all doing and what are they spending those millions and billions of dollars on? As much as this world is spending on war on terror, if some of that money is spent on the preaching of peace we may be able to change the world in the coming years to some extent. Justice is the firmest pillar of a government.We must define public and private affairs and make sure that no one is allowed to interfere in the private activities of others. Among private activities, religion and traditions are of foremost importance at local, national as well as international level. The concept of minority and division of human beings on the bases of races, colours and tribes are unjust within people and society. In private activities we are always interdependent and this interdependence has made us rational and social animals. We cannot live without interacting with each other as well with our external environment.Interrelationship between people always depends on mutual benefits. Even though it should be a give and take relationship, we do tend to give less and take more. We become more sensitive when our rights are under siege but far less sensitive when someone else's rights are under attack. Honesty is the best policy for the stability of human interrelationship but we do not practise this policy often enough. We should be able to enjoy our freedom to the fullest within the limits of the laws of the land. These limits should be set and watched purely by governmental departments, institutions and agencies.If some things are disallowed in one region and allowed in another, both regions should respect each other's feelings and not impose their own rules upon others. The determination and limitation of freedom must be based upon law, culture, religion of any country or region keeping in view the rights of people of other religions living in minority. The United Nations should set limitations through comprehensive dialogue of all member nations keeping in view the demands, needs and interests of each nation. No country should be allowed to interfere in other country's private affairs.The West claims that they are the protector of human rights but recently they have taken the most actions against humanity by interfering in other countries' affairs and have labelled the loss of civilian lives as collateral damage. The freedom of everyone should be restricted within walls and these walls might be religion, culture, tradition and others. Within Eastern countries, there is another great drawback at grass root level. In most Eastern countries, hate is spread among children through textbooks.In their textbooks, there is great admiration for the personalities who had defeated rival countries, religions, invaders or plunderers and great hate for those who had fought with their ances tors centuries ago. As a result, children hate rival nations and this hatred gets stronger when they grow up and spoils the society. Our textbooks must carry lessons of enlightenment, moderation, respect and importance of others, honour of national and international laws, identification of wrongs and rights, good and evils, sense of responsibilities and interdependence of nations and collaboration with their own country.There is a constant competition among the countries for science and technology, industrial and energy enrichment. This is a good and positive phenomenon if the competition is positive. Above all, these said problems and causes are common at all national and international level and suggestions need to be implemented at both levels if we are seeking peace and love within our society as a whole around the world.